CerebroSpinal Fluid & Multiple Sclerosis


  1. Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha is elevated in Serum and CerebroSpinal Fluid in Multiple Sclerosis and inflammatory neuropathies
    J Neurol 1996 Feb;243(2):165-70

  2. InterLeukin-12 and Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha levels in Multiple Sclerosis CerebroSpinal Fluid
    J Neurol Sci 1997 Apr 15;147(2):145-50

  3. Markers of activated T-Lymphocytes and T-Cell Receptor gamma/delta+ in Multiple Sclerosis
    Eur Neurol 1993;33(2):152-5

  4. Measurement of immune markers in the Serum and CerebroSpinal Fluid in Multiple Sclerosis during clinical remission
    J Neurol 1995 Jan;242(2):53-8

  5. Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha synthesis by CerebroSpinal-Fluid-derived T-Cell clones in Multiple Sclerosis
    Ital J Neurol Sci 1992 Dec;13(9 Suppl 14):79-83

  6. AntiBodies to the Axolemma-enriched fraction in the CerebroSpinal Fluid and Serum in Multiple Sclerosis and other neurological diseases
    Mult Scler 1997 Dec;3(6):363-9

  7. Cytokine levels in the CerebroSpinal Fluid and Serum in Multiple Sclerosis
    J NeuroImmunol 1991 Apr;32(1):67-74

  8. Agarose electrophoresis and immunonephelometric quantitation of CerebroSpinal Fluid ImmunoGlobulins: criteria for application in the diagnosis of Neurologic Disease
    Am J Clin Pathol 1984 May;81(5):575-80




#1

Tumor Necrosis Factor -alpha Is Elevated In Serum And CerebroSpinal Fluid In Multiple Sclerosis And Inflammatory Neuropathies

Rentzos M, Nikolaou C, Rombos A, Voumvourakis K, Segditsa I, Papageorgiou C
J Neurol 1996 Feb;243(2):165-70
Athens Univ, Medical School, Dept of Neurology, Greece
PMID# 8750556; UI# 96361828
Abstract

Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) is a peptide that is derived from T-Lymphocytes and Macrophages and is used as a marker of activated Cellular Immune Responses.

TNF-alpha was measured in paired Sera and CerebroSpinal Fluid (CSF) from 30 patients with Multiple Sclerosis (MS) with worsening disability, 54 patients with other neurological diseases, and 20 normal subjects.

A sensitive enzyme-linked Immunosorbent assay was used to determine the TNF-alpha levels.

We found significantly elevated Serum and CSF levels in 12 (40%) and 6 (20%) MS patients, respectively, compared with healthy controls (P < 0.007 and P < 0.05).

Among the 18 patients with neuropathy, we also found high Serum and CSF TNF-alpha values in 3 (17%) and 5 (28%) patients, respectively (P < 0.04 and P < 0.002).

Our study shows that TNF-alpha is probably involved in the PathoGenetic mechanisms of MS and other Inflammatory Neurological Diseases.



#2

InterLeukin-12 And Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha Levels In Multiple Sclerosis CerebroSpinal Fluid

Drulovic J, Mostarica-Stojkovic M, Levic Z, Stojsavljevic N, Pravica V, Mesaros S
J Neurol Sci 1997 Apr 15;147(2):145-50
Institute of Neurology, Clinical Center of Serbia, Belgrade, Yugoslavia
PMID# 9106119; UI# 97260020
Abstract

Concentrations of InterLeukin (IL)-12 and Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) in CerebroSpinal Fluid (CSF) were measured in patients with Multiple Sclerosis (MS) and control patients with non-inflammatory neurological diseases (NIND) by an enzyme-linked Immunosorbent assay.

TNF-alpha was detectable in the CSF of 60% of the patients with active MS, none of those with inactive MS and 29% of patients with NIND.

CSF concentrations of TNF-alpha correlated with the degree of disability in MS patients (P < 0.05). Detectable levels of IL-12 were found in 10% of the MS CSF samples and 18% of NIND CSF samples.

There was a significant relationship between CSF concentrations of IL-12 and those of TNF-alpha in MS patients (P < 0.05); no relationship was observed between the presence of IL-12 and disease activity or severity.

These findings further stress the involvement of T-helper 1 type-response within the Central Nervous System in MS.



#3

Markers Of Activated T-Lymphocytes & T-Cell Receptor gamma/delta+ In Multiple Sclerosis

Perrella O, Carrieri PB, De Mercato R, Buscaino GA
Eur Neurol 1993;33(2):152-5
D. Cotugno Hospital, Naples, Italy
PMID# 8467823; UI# 93223724
Abstract

We studied Interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma), -alpha-Tumor Necrosis Factor (-alpha-TNF) and Granulocyte Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor (GM-CSF) in the CerebroSpinal Fluid and Serum of 18 patients with Multiple Sclerosis (MS) and 10 subjects with Other Neurological Diseases (OND).

We also studied the CerebroSpinal-Fluid CD 69 expression, and T-Cells with T-Cell Receptor (TcR) gamma/delta+.

We found an increase of IFN-gamma (14.0 +/- 3.5 U/ml) and GM-CSF (8.0 +/- 3.4 pg/ml) levels in the CerebroSpinal Fluid of MS patients compared to the OND group (p < 0.005 and p < 0.01, respectively).

The frequency of detectable CerebroSpinal-Fluid and Serum -alpha-TNF was similar in patients with MS and with OND.

The CerebroSpinal-Fluid CD69 expression in Lymphocytes was significantly higher in MS patients (15.0 +/- 9.9%) than in the control group (3.7 +/- 6.2%; p < 0.005).

Comparable Serum levels of IFN-gamma and GM-CSF were detected in patients with MS and in OND subjects. No significant difference in the incidence of TcR gamma/delta+ in the CerebroSpinal Fluid was found between the two groups.

These results indicate an activation of T-Lymphocytes and Macrophages in patients with MS. Our data do not suggest a role for an increased incidence of TcR gamma/delta+.

However, we cannot rule out the possibility that these T-Cells could be present at the plaque site of MS patients.



#4

Measurement Of Immune Markers In The Serum & CerebroSpinal Fluid In Multiple Sclerosis During Clinical Remission

Shaw CE, Dunbar PR, Macaulay HA, Neale TJ
J Neurol 1995 Jan;242(2):53-8
Wellington School of Medicine, Dept of Medicine, New Zealand
PMID# 7707089; UI# 95222288
Abstract

Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Multiple Sclerosis (MS) patients often shows active inflammatory lesions despite clinical remission. No Immunological marker of disease activity has been identified in these patients.

Concentrations of Neopterin, InterLeukin-2 (IL-2), soluble InterLeukin-2 receptor (sIL-2R) and Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) were measured in the Serum and CerebroSpinal Fluid of 19 clinically-inactive MS patients and compared with those of 19 non-inflammatory controls.

CerebroSpinal Fluid (CSF) Neopterin concentrations were significantly higher in the MS group than in controls (mean 9.1 mM vs 3.4 nM, P < 0.01) and 10 of 19 MS patients had levels above the control range.

This finding provides evidence of ongoing T-Cell-directed and Interferon-gamma-mediated Macrophage activation in the Central Nervous System. Analysis of IL-2, sIL-2R and TNF-alpha concentrations revealed no significant differences between MS patients and controls.

We conclude that CSF Neopterin concentration may correlate with disease activity in asymptomatic patients.



#5

Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha Synthesis By CerebroSpinal-Fluid-Derived T-Cell Clones In Multiple Sclerosis

Buttinelli C, Toma L, Falcone MM, Salvetti M, Ristori G, Barnaba V, Fieschi C
Ital J Neurol Sci 1992 Dec;13(9 Suppl 14):79-83
Universita La Sapienza, Dipartimento di Scienze Neurologiche, Roma, Italy
PMID# 1345744; UI# 94375251
Abstract

T-Cell clones derived from the CSF (CerebroSpinal Fluid) of MS (Multiple Sclerosis) patients have been analyzed for the production of Interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma), Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), InterLeukin-2 (IL-2) and InterLeukin-4 (IL-4).

Each CSF-T clone (both CD4+ and CD8+) produced substantial amounts of IFN-gamma and especially TNF-alpha compared with autologous peripheral T clones and Liver-infiltrating T clones from patients with chronic active Hepatitis.

The large quantities of TNF produced by CSF-T-Cell clones suggest an important role for this Cytokine in MS ImmunoPathoGenesis.



#6

AntiBodies To The Axolemma-Enriched Fraction In The CerebroSpinal Fluid And Serum In Multiple Sclerosis & Other Neurological Diseases

Rawes JA, Calabrese VP, Khan OA, DeVries GH
Mult Scler 1997 Dec;3(6):363-9
Medical College of Virginia, Dept of BioChemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Richmond 23298-0614, USA
PMID# 9493635; UI# 98152629
Abstract

AntiBodies to an Axolemma-enriched fraction (AEF) Antigen have been detected in the CerebroSpinal Fluid (CSF) and Serum of patients with Multiple Sclerosis (MS) using an enzyme-linked Immunosorbent assay (ELISA).

A marginal elevation (P < 0.08) of anti-AEF IgG was found in MS CSF when compared with OND samples. When CSF was diluted to a standardized IgG concentration, the anti-AEF IgG level in MS CSF was significantly elevated (P=0.007) when compared to OND CSF.

MS Serum was also found to contain a significantly higher level (P < 0.001) of anti-AEF IgG when compared to OND Serum using the ELISA technique.



#7

Cytokine Levels In The CerebroSpinal Fluid & Serum In Multiple Sclerosis

Maimone D, Gregory S, Arnason BG, Reder AT
J NeuroImmunol 1991 Apr;32(1):67-74
Univ of Chicago, Dept of Neurology, IL 60637
PMID# 2002092; UI# 91161690
Abstract

InterLeukin (IL) 1 ß, Tumor Necrosis Factor -alpha (TNF-alpha), and IL-6 are Cytokines which mediate cellular responses during Immune activation and inflammation.

In Multiple Sclerosis (MS) they might be responsible for T-Cell activation (IL-1 ß), for DeMyelination (TNF-alpha), and for ImmunoGlobulin (Ig) synthesis (IL-6) within the Central Nervous System.

We studied IL-1 ß, TNF-alpha, and IL-6 levels in the CerebroSpinal Fluid (CSF) of 34 patients with MS, 43 patients with Non-Inflammatory Neurological Diseases (NIND), and 19 patients with Inflammatory Neurological Diseases (IND). IL-6 was found in the CSF of 29% of MS, 7% of NIND, and 47% of IND patients.

TNF-alpha was detected in the CSF of 23% of MS, 7% of NIND, and 29% of IND. CSF IL-6 and TNF-alpha levels were significantly higher in MS and IND than in NIND. IL-1 ß was rarely detected in the CSF of any group.

At least one Cytokine was detected in 52% of MS CSF, 11% of NIND CSF, and 64% of IND CSF. In MS patients, no relationship was observed between the incidence or the amount of Intrathecal IgG synthesis or Oligoclonal Bands and the presence of any Cytokine.

We also evaluated Cytokine levels in paired Sera from 11 MS and 13 NIND patients. Low levels of IL-6 were detected in most Sera from MS and NIND patients. TNF-alpha was detected in only two MS sera, and IL-1 ß was undetectable in any sample.

Our results indicate that increased CSF levels of the Cytokines IL-6 and TNF-alpha occur frequently in MS and IND, but there is no obvious relationship to Intrathecal Ig synthesis.



#8

Agarose Electrophoresis And Immunonephelometric Quantitation Of CerebroSpinal Fluid ImmunoGlobulins: Criteria For Application In The Diagnosis Of Neurologic Disease

Pearl GS, Check IJ, Hunter RL
Am J Clin Pathol 1984 May;81(5):575-80

PMID# 6720628
Abstract

The CerebroSpinal Fluid (CSF) IgG index, the CSF to Serum Albumin Ratio, and electrophoresis on agarose gel of CSF and Serum were evaluated retrospectively for their usefulness in the differential diagnosis of Multiple Sclerosis (MS).

Standardized procedures were adopted for grading the intensity of OligoClonal Banding and for the certainty of diagnosis of MS.

    One hundred and forty-nine patients were studied including:
    1. 23 with Definite Multiple Sclerosis (MS)
    2. 12 with Probable MS
    3. 20 with Possible MS
    4. 20 with Inflammatory Neurologic Disease
    5. 65 with Noninflammatory Neurologic Disease
    6.   9 with No Neurologic Disease

The CSF IgG index and the CSF to Serum Albumin Ratio were calculated from nephelometric measurements of Serum and CSF IgG and Albumin.

The intensity of OligoClonal Banding was graded relative to the density of the Pre-Albumin Band. Eighty-eight per cent of cases of Definite MS had distinct OligoClonal Bands, and an equal number had an elevated IgG Index.

These tests were not specific for MS, however, since 50% of cases of Inflammatory Neurologic Disease and 5% of those with Noninflammatory Neurologic Disease had an elevated IgG Index.

Similarly, 48% of cases with Inflammatory Disease and 25% with NonInflammatory Disease had OligoClonal Bands.

However, only patients with Definite MS (21%) or Possible MS (4%) had prominent OligoClonal Bands whose density was greater than or equal to that of PreAlbumin, together with a CSF IgG Index greater than 1.50.

This combination of findings therefore may enhance the level of suspicion of MS. By contrast, an isolated increase in the CSF to Serum Albumin Ratio may suggest a diagnosis other than MS.



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